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Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess DMFT and periodontal (CPITN) indices of down’s syndrome patients .Method ;The study was carried out In Down syndrome patients by referring to MR centers of Hamadan , dental caries was scored according to evaluation criteria of WHO about  DMFT and CPITN .Results :18 famale (48.6% ) and 19 male (51.4%) have been evaluated in our study,62% were 9-12 y/o and 38% 13-17 y/o . CPITN was 1 in 73% and 2in 27% . In 72% of  females CPITN was 1 and in 28% was 2.In 74% of males ,CPITN was 1 in 26% was 2. DMFT was 6.7 and 6.1 In females and males respectively The mean DMFT of the subjects was 6.4 .Conclusion :The study showed that patients with Down syndrome had a high prevalence of caries and gingivitis in Hamedan .So it is nessesary to precise and repeated oral health education, periodic control and dental treatments .Also preparing financial and equipment facilities is required.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of early family-centered psychological and educational interventions on adaptive behaviors in Children with Down Syndrome (DS). Method: Utilizing an experimental pretest-posttest control group design, parents of 36 children with DS were selected in Isfahan. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale was used to assess adaptive behavior. Result: Covariance analysis revealed a significant difference between the adaptive behavior of children with DS in the two groups. Conclusion: This research stresses that early psychological and educational family-centered interventions have a positive effect on adaptive behaviors in children with DS.

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Objective: This research is an evaluation for the efficacy of a mathematics concepts teaching for students with Down syndrome (DS). Method: utilizing an experimental pretest-post test control group design 30 students with DS were recruited and matched in Tehran. A researcher made test, demographics inventory, and Leither International Performance Scale were used to assess the related variables. Results: Two and three ANOVA revealed that using the designed software in basic teaching concepts (P=0.000<0.001) and counting numbers (p= 0.009 <0.01) in students with DS is more effective than traditional method, and is similar in recognizing numbers. Conclusion: Accordingly, this study suggests that the software is helpful in teaching mathematics to students with DS.

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Objective: The study of stress oxidative as a pathogenic process in Down Syndrome (DS) patients is the goal of this paper. Methods: Explaining the mechanism of oxidative stress in DS, describing radical reactions to determine the type of free radical that can cause major damage, and the incidence of injury and studying strategies for coping with oxidative stress in DS are the issues considered in this paper. Conclusion: An increase in the expression of super oxide dismutase gene and mitochondrial dysfunction are the main factors in hydroxyl radical generation and oxidative stress in DS. Now, according to the studies done, a diet rich in fruit and vegetables based on taste desire of patient with DS along with regular physical activity are suggested as practical means to reduce oxidative stress in patients with DS.

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objective: The aim of the present study is to find the effect of a slow running on static and dynamic balance training to students with Down syndrome Methods: The statistical sample consisted of 24 children with Down syndrome (mean age 19.35+3.5, Height 157.33+12, Weight 63.92+27.49) randomly divided into two groups of 12 subjects in the experimental group and control group. There were 12 sessions for 45 minutes with slow  exercise on treadmill which was considered for the experimental group . Stork balance test was used to assess the static balance and walking from heel to toe test was used to assess the dynamic balance   Results: The results showed that the difference between static and dynamic balance before and after exercise was significant. Conclusion: The use of slow running on the treadmill can be used as a way to improve the dynamic and static balance in children with Down syndrome.

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Objective:  The aim of current study were to determine the frequency of fruits and vegetables consumption by children with Dwon sundrome (DS). Methods. Fruits and vegetables consumption in children with DS was calculated through  an interview with the children’s parents. Results: Fruits and vegetables mean consumption was 4.6 servings/week for fruit and .74 servings/week for vegetables. 65.9% of these children did not have consumption for any kind of vegetables and in 51% of these children’s fruit consumption were less than one serving per day. Conclusion: Fruits and vegetables consumption as an essential part of healthy diet was very low in children with DS. Parents of children with DS should be encouraged to provide a diet with more fruits and vegetables for their children.

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Objective: The present study investigated executive functions in students with high functioning Autism (HFA) and students with educable Down syndrome (DS) with Normally developing students, by means of executive functions test (mental flexibility, short term and working memory) in a post hoc research.  Method: To fulfill the aim of the study, 15 male students with HFA, 15 male students with educable intellectual disability and 15 normally developing male students were recruited from educational services. The utilized research instruments in this study consisted of The 2^nd version of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS2), Wechsler intelligence Test, Wechsler direct and reverse memory test and Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST). To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA, Multivariate analysis of variances, Univariate Covariate, Multivariate Covariate and Bonforroni and Tukey Post-hoc were used. Results: Covariance analysis manifested that there was only statistically significant difference between high functioning Autism and control groups with respect to the mental flexibility index and perseveration. Moreover there was significant difference between Down syndrome and control group in short-term memory, while other comparisons did not reveal any significant difference between groups. Conclusion: The results indicated that students with HFA, due to having higher level of intellectual ability and acting at a level closer to normally developing students, showed impairment in the executive functioning. Therefore, this reduced the role of intelligence in the executive function level.

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Objective: The aim of this study was investigating the effects of resilience training on resilience in siblings of children with Down syndrome. Method: In this study a semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and follow up design was applied. Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003) and Prince-Embury Resilience Scale (2007) were used for measuring of adolescents’ resilience. The sample size includes 30 adolescents (14- 18ys) having sibling with Down syndrome that assigned for experimental and control groups randomly. Results: Analyzing of data is performed by using Mix Anova with repeated measure design. Results reveal that resilience and its component in siblings of children with Down syndrome in experimental group significantly improved and their Emotional vulnerability significantly decreased. Also, these results were permanent in the follow up step (p≤0/05). Conclusion: According to the findings of the study it can be concluded that resiliency skills training enhance the resilience in siblings of children with Down syndrome.

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Objective: Down syndrome (DS) is a common chromosomal disorder that cause to mental retardation in children. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is also common in DS. Therefore, it is assumed that there is a same genetic basis. The aim of this study was to study and consider the overlap of DS and AD.Method: In this review article, published articles in science direct, Pubmed, Willy and Google were investigated between 1990 and 2015.Conclusion: Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21. All genetic mutations in relation with AD are arising from accumulation of β amiloid. One of the genes involved in AD is APP that sited on chromosome 21. Moreover, the SOD1 also is sited on chromosome 21. Also, other hypothesis in relation with AD and DS has been considered. Significant percent of individual with DS are with AD, but its cause is not clear.

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Objective: The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of sand play therapy on social skills, anxiety and aggression in children with Down syndrome. Method: This is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design and control group. The population of the study included all the children with Down syndrome who were under the protection of Kermanshah Welfare Organization in 2018. On the whole, 30 children with Down syndrome were selected by random sampling and were divided into two equal experimental and control groups (each group consisting of 15 children). The experimental group participated in 8 sessions, while the control group did not. To collect the research data, Social Skills Questionnaires (Matson, 1983), Children's Anxiety Questionnaire (Spence, 1999), and Aggression Questionnaire (Bass & Perry's aggression, 1992) were used. The data were analyzed using covariance analysis and SPSS-21. Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the social skills scores and in each of the components including: proper social skills, inappropriate courage, impulsivity/ rebellion, high self-confidence, and jealousy (p<0.05). There was also a significant difference between the mean scores of aggression and anxiety in the two groups in the post-test (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that sand play therapy accompanied by other behavioral therapies can be used to increase the social skills and decrease the negative emotions of children with Down syndrome.

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Objective: Designing extensive programs for training families with Down Syndrome children and implementing appropriate supportive programs for them require assessing their educational and supportive needs. In the present study, the educational and social needs of mothers with Down Syndrome children were assessed in order to design a comprehensive program for training mothers. Method: The study was a descriptive-survey design, and participants were 30 mothers of female children with Down Syndrome attending Aslani Special School in the academic year 2015-2016 in Tehran, Iran. The mothers were selected by convenient sampling method. The Need Assessment Questionnaire (Beh-Pajooh & Mahmoudi, 2014) was adapted and completed by the mothers. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: The first part included demographic information about children with Down Syndrome and their parents; The second part included 13 open-ended questions, and the third part consisted of 28 items using four-point Likert scale (very much, much, little, and very little). Results: The findings revealed that mothers of children with Down Syndrome reported high levels of worry about their children’s future, and would like to know about services at the present and the future. What matters is to inform them about their children’s future and there should be appropriate educational programs – especially regarding independent living skills training – for such children and their families. Conclusion: Mothers of children with Down Syndrome have a need for social support and education; this shows the importance of planning and implementing appropriate supportive and educational programs for such families

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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness group aerobic exercise interventions' based on the sensory integration theory on the gross and fine motor skills of children with Down syndrome. Method: The present study was conducted with a semi-experimental research design with pre-test and post-test with a control group. The study sample consisted of 30 children with Down syndrome in the age range of 8 - 10 years, who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Purdue Pegboard test and Lincoln Avzrvtsky motor development test were used for evaluation and measurement. After the pre-test, the children in the experimental group underwent aerobic exercise-based interventions for 6 weeks and two sessions per week (12 sessions). Thus they were trained in the desired playful activities and practiced with the help of the therapist and parents. Results: Both groups were measured by post-test, and the results were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance. (ANCOA) the Results showed significant improvement in both fine (p<0/01، F=12/98) and gross (p<0/01، F=21/71) motor skills as well as the combination of these two skills (p<0/01، F=20/9) in the experimental group. Conclusion: it can be stated that the application of group aerobic exercises based on sensory integration will have a significant positive effect on improving the fine and gross motor skills of children with Down syndrome.

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Objective: Children with Down syndrome have delays in motor, language, self-support, cognitive and social development. Knowing the cognitive and behavioral phenotype of people with Down syndrome informs us about the psychological nature of people with Down syndrome. Finally, it helps to treat, educate and rehabilitate and provide intervention to these children to increase the cognitive development of this group of people. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the cognitive profile of Down syndrome students in comparison with normal students and also the evolution of the cognitive profile of this group in comparison with normal students. Method: For this purpose, 100 students of Down syndrome and normal age were randomly selected from exceptional and normal schools in the age group of 10-14 years. Finally, the age groups of Down syndrome students and students with normal growth were classified into 3 groups of 6-8 years, 11-9 years, 14-12 years. Finally, the age groups of Down syndrome students and students with normal growth were classified into 3 groups of 6-8 years, 11-9 years, 14-12 years. The tool used in this study is the fifth version of the Stanford Binet Intelligence Test. Result: The results of statistical analysis of this study using multivariate analysis of variance and Tukey's follow-up test show that in people with Down syndrome compared to normal children, non-verbal fluid reasoning, non-verbal knowledge and working memory are reduced with increasing age. If there are no significant changes in the cognitive profile in the rest of the subscales. However, Down syndrome, like the group of people with normal growth, did not change with the general growth of verbal and nonverbal intelligence and general intelligence with increasing age. Conclusion: Therefore, in the rehabilitation of people with Down syndrome, can be considered their cognitive defects and their cognitive development and intelligence.

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