fa اثر پسخوراند مهارخودی و فراوانی آن بر یادگیری حرکتی کودکان دارای اختلال شنوایی تخصصي Special پژوهشي Research &nbsp;<br> <strong><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">هدف:</span></span></strong> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">هدف</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">از</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">این</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پژوهش</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بررسی</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">اثر</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پسخوراند</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مهارخود و فراوانی آن</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بر</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">یادگیری بوده</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">است</span></span></span><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">. <strong>روش:</strong></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">این</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">تحقیق</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">48</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آزمودنی به تولید</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">یک</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نیروی</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">معین</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">به</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">وسیلۀ نیروسنج</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پرداختند.</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">دانش‌آموز </span></span></span><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">براساس امتیازات پیش‌آزمون </span></span></span><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در آزمایش اول</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">برحسب</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نوع</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">کنترل،</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پسخوراند</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مهارخود</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;و </span></span></span><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">جفت‌شده (غیر</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مهارخود) به دو گروه 12 نفری همگن تقسیم شدند و در آزمایش دوم براساس</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">وضعیت</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">فراوانی</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پسخوراند، فراوانی</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پسخوراند</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">30</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">% و</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">فراوانی</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پسخوراند</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آزاد در</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">دو</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گروه</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">12</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نفری</span></span></span><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> همگن</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">قرار گرفتند</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">.</span></span></span><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> آزمودنی&shy;ها</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">6</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">سری</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">10کوششی</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">به</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">تولید</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نیروی</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">معینی</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پرداختند.</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آزمون&shy;های</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">یادداری</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">انتقال،</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">24</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ساعت</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بعد</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">از</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مراحل</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">تمرینی</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">به</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">عمل</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آمد.</span></span></span><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> روش</span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">&shy;</span></span><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">&shy;های تحلیل واریانس با اندازه&shy;گیری مکرر و </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">t</span></span><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> مستقل برای تحلیل داده &shy;ها استفاده شد. </span></span><strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">یافته&shy; ها</span></span></span></strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">:</span></span></span><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> <span style="color:black;">نتایج</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نشان</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">داد در هر دو آزمایش</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مرحلۀ</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">اکتساب</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">همۀ گروه&shy;ها پیشرفت داشته&shy;اند. در آزمون اکتساب در آزمایش اول و دوم تفاوتی مشاهده نشد. در هر دو آزمایش در</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آزمون</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">یادداری</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">اثر</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">معناداری</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مشاهده</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شد و برتری با گروه‌های مهارخود و مهارخود با فراوانی آزاد بود.</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">همچنین، در</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آزمون</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">انتقال در آزمایش اول گروه مهارخود و در آزمایش دوم گروه مهارخود فراوانی آزاد عملکرد بهتری داشتند.</span></span></span> <strong><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نتیجه&shy; گیری:</span></span></strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> این</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پژوهش</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نشان</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">می‌دهد</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">که پسخوراند مهارخود باعث بهبود عملکرد می&shy;شود. همچنین،</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">اِعمال</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">محدودیت</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پسخوراند</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مهارخودی</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">به</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">میزان</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">30</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">درصد</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">به</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بهینه</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شدن</span></span></span> <span style="color:black;"><span style="font-family:b nazanin;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">عملکرد کمکی نمی&shy; کند.</span></span></span><br> &nbsp; <strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">Objective: </span></strong><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">The aim of this study was to </span></span><span style="color:black;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">investigate the effect of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">self-controlled feedback and its <span style="color:black;">frequency </span>on motor learning in children with hearing impairment.<span style="color:black;"> <strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-eight individuals with hearing impairment participated in this study and produced a certain force by a dynamometer. </span>In the first experiment, participants were divided into two <span style="color:black;">homogenous </span>groups (n=12 each) based on pretest scores in terms of the type of feedback control (self-controlled <span style="color:black;">group</span>/yoked <span style="color:black;">group</span>). In the second experiment, they were divided into two <span style="color:black;">homogenous </span>groups (n=12 each) according to the frequency of feedback (30% <span style="color:black;">feedback</span>/free <span style="color:black;">feedback</span>)<span style="color:black;">.</span> The participants <span style="color:black;">produc</span>ed a <span style="color:black;">certain force</span> in 6 blocks of 10 trials. </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">Retention and transfer tests were performed 24 hours after the practice phase, and data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and independent samples t-test. </span><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">Results:</span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> The results</span> indicated that all groups showed progress in the acquisition phase of both experiments. No significant difference was observed in the acquisition test between the two experiments. However, a significant effect was found on the retention test in both experiments, and the &lsquo;self-controlled&rsquo; and &lsquo;self-controlled with free<span style="color:black;"> feedback&rsquo;</span> groups showed a superior performance. The &lsquo;self-controlled&rsquo; group in the first experiment and the &lsquo;self-controlled with free<span style="color:black;"> feedback&rsquo;</span> group in the second experiment demonstrated a better performance in the transfer phase. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study showed that self-controlled feedback improves performance. Moreover, limiting self-controlled feedback up to 30% does not optimize <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">performance.</span> پسخوراند مهارخود, تولید نیرو, فراوانی پسخوراند, یادداری, انتقال. Force production, Frequency of feedback, Learning, Retention, Self-controlled feedback 47 58 http://joec.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-161-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 مریم لطفی maryam2.lotfi@gmail.com 10031947532846005993 10031947532846005993 Yes دانشگاه ارومیه جعفر محمدی sitbeyarem@yahoo.com 10031947532846005994 10031947532846005994 No دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد حسن محمدزاده ha.moha64@gmail.com 10031947532846005995 10031947532846005995 No دانشگاه ارومیه مهدی سهرابی mesohrabi@yahoo.com 10031947532846005996 10031947532846005996 No دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد