fa ارزیابی اثربخشی بسته آموزشی فرایندهای روان‌شناختی پایه بر فهم کلامی، استدلال ادراکی و پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان دارای اختلال یادگیری تخصصي Special پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">هدف:</span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> حافظه و </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">فرایندهای روان</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شناختی</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> در هر جنبه</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ای از یادگیری نقش حیاتی دارد و نارسایی در کارکرد آن بسیاری از حیطه</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های فراگیری را کند می</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">کند. </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">پژوهش</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">حاضر</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">با</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">هدف</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ارزیابی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">اثربخشی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بسته</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آموزشی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">فرایندهای روان</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شناختی پایه</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بر فهم کلامی، استدلال ادراکی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و پیشرفت تحصیلی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">دانش آموزان ابتدایی دارای اختلال یادگیری انجام شد. <b>روش:</b> طرح پژوهشی شبه‌آزمایشی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">از نوع پیش</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آزمون</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> &ndash; </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">پس</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آزمون</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">همراه</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">با</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گروه</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">کنترل</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بود.</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">تدوین</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بسته</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آموزشی،</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">کاربرگ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">هایی در 25 حیطه متفاوت</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">فرایندهای روان</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شناختی تهیه</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شد.</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">منظورتعیین اثربخشی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بسته،20</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">دانش</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آموز دختر پایه</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> دوم که به مرکز اختلالات شهر قائن مراجعه کردند و در یکی از زمینه های</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;خواندن، نوشتن و ریاضی اختلال داشتند</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">،</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">انتخاب</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">طور</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">تصادفی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">دو</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گروه</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آزمایش</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">کنترل</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">قرار</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گرفتند.</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به گروه</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آزمایش</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">برای مدت</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">سی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">جلسه</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">45</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">دقیقه</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ای (10جلسه حضوری و 20جلسه غیرحضوری)</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آموزش</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">داده شد. برای</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">جمع</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آوری</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">داده</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">از خرده</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مقیاس</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های فهم کلامی و استدلال ادراکی ویراست چهارم مقیاس هوش&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">وکسلر</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">کودکان</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> (وکسلر، 2003) و آزمون محقق</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ساخته</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">پیشرفت تحصیلی (قربانپور،1399) استفاده</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شد. داده</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها با استفاده</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">از</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">تحلیل</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">کوواریانس</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">چند</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">متغیره </span></span>&nbsp;<span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">تحلیل</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شد</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> <b>یافته</b></span></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&lrm;</span></span></b><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> نتایج، تفاوت معناداری</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بین</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">دو</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گروه</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آزمایش و</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">کنترل</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در پس</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آزمون نشان داد؛ به این معنا که آموزش توانسته بود</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در بهبود فهم کلامی، استدلال ادراکی و</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">پیشرفت</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">تحصیلی دانش</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آموزان</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">دارای اختلال یادگیری</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مؤثر</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">واقع</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شود.</span></span> <b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نتیجه</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&lrm;</span></span></b><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گیری:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> براساس</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نتایج</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به‌دست</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آمده</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">توجه به راهبردهای آموزشی فرایندهای روان</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شناختی </span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">پایه می</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">تواند</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آموزش</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">توانبخشی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">دانش</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آموزان</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">با</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">اختلال</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یادگیری</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نتایج</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">امید</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بخشی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">پی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">داشته</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">باشد و می</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">توان از</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">آن</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">عنوان</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یک</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">روش</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مداخله</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&lrm;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ای</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مؤثر بهره گرفت</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:85%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:85%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Objective:</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:85%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Memory and psychological processes play a vital role in every aspect of learning, and dysfunction slows down many areas of learning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational package of psychological processes based on verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning and academic achievement of elementary students with learning disabilities. <b>Method</b>: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. In compiling the training package, worksheets were prepared in 25 different areas of psychological processes. In order to determine the effectiveness of the package, 20 second-grade female students who referred to the Center for Disorders in Ghaen and had problems in reading, writing and math were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained for thirty 45-minute sessions (10 face-to-face sessions and 20 face-to-face sessions). To collect the data, the subscales of verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning of the fourth edition of the Wechsler Children&#39;s Intelligence Scale (Wechsler, 2003) and the researcher-made test of academic achievement (Ghorbanpour, 2020) were used. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. <b>Results:</b> The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the post-test. This means that education could be effective in improving the verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning and academic achievement of students with learning disabilities. <b>Conclusion</b>: According to the research results, paying due attention to the educational strategies of basic psychological processes, as an effective intervention method, can lead to promising results in education and rehabilitation of students with learning disabilities.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> فرایندهای روان‌شناختی, توانایی عمومی, درک و فهم کلامی, استدلال ادراکی, عملکرد تحصیلی Psychological processes, General ability, Verbal comprehension, Perceptual reasoning, Academic performance 65 84 http://joec.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1992-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 majid pakdaman مجید پاکدامن pakdamaniauq@gmail.com 100319475328460016081 100319475328460016081 Yes استادیار روان‌شناسی، واحد قائنات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائنات، ایران. rahane ghorbanpour ریحانه قربان پور ghorbanpour55@gmail.com@gmail.com 100319475328460016082 100319475328460016082 No دانشجوی دکتری روان‌شناسی تربیتی، واحد قائنات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائنات ، ایران. Hossein karshki حسین کارشکی kareshki@um.ir 100319475328460016083 100319475328460016083 No دانشیار روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران