fa بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه همدلی برای کودکان شنوا و ناشنوای پیش‌دبستانی تخصصي Special پژوهشي Research <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">هدف:</span></span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی پرسشنامه همدلی برای کودکان شنوا و ناشنوای پیش‌دبستانی انجام شد.</span></span></span> <b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">روش:</span></span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> این پژوهش توصیفی و از نوع روان</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">سنجی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش را مربیان کودکان شنوا و ناشنوای پیش‌دبستانی در استان تهران در سال تحصیلی 1400- 1401 تشکیل دادند.</span></span></span><b> </b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نمونه شامل دو گروه 270 نفری از مربیان کودکان پیش‌دبستانی (به</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ترتیب 160 و 110 نفر از مربیان کودکان شنوا و ناشنوا در هر گروه) می‌شد که با روش نمونه‌گیری چندمرحله‌ای انتخاب شدند.</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">فرایند</span></span></span><b> </b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ترجمه</span></span></span><b> </b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span></span><b> </b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ترجمه</span></span></span><b> </b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">معکوس</span></span></span><b> </b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">برای تهیه</span></span></span><b> </b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نسخه</span></span></span><b> </b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">فارسی </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">پرسشنامه همدلی انجام شد. </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">برای تعیین روایی صوری و محتوایی از نظر 8 متخصص استفاده شد. شاخص روایی محتوایی به روش لاواشه و روش والتز و باسل به دست آمد و شاخص روایی سازه به روش تحلیل عاملی</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> محاسبه شد</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">. پایایی پرسشنامه با استفاده از روش آلفای کرونباخ و بازآزمایی به دست آمد.</span></span></span> <b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یافته‌ها:</span></span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> پرسشنامه همدلی در 19 گویه و سه خرده‌مقیاس سه گزینه‌ای ترجمه شد. بر</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">اساس نتایج تحلیل عامل اکتشافی، سه عامل استخراج شد. </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نتایج تحلیل عامل تأییدی نشان داد که مدل سه عاملی از برازش خوبی برخوردار </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">است و تأیید</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">کننده روایی سازه ابزار بود. </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شاخص روایی محتوایی</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> برای پرسشنامه همدلی و هر</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یک از خرده‌مقیاس‌های سرایت هیجانی، توجه به احساسات دیگران و واکنش‌های‌ اجتماع‌پسند به</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ترتیب 94/0، 96/0، 93/0 و 94/0 بود. پایایی پرسشنامه همدلی و هر</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یک از خرده‌مقیاس‌های آن با استفاده از روش آلفای کرونباخ به</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ترتیب</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">93/0، 94/0، 90/0 و 92/0 و همچنین با روش </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بازآزمایی </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">92/0، 91/0، 88/0 و 89/</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">0 </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به دست آمد.</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> نتایج روایی همگرا و واگرای پرسشنامه همدلی به</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:Yagut">‌</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ترتیب از راه اجرای همزمان آن با مقیاس ارزش‌های اجتماعی هیجانی و تاب‌آوری و پرسشنامه توانایی‌ها و مشکلات بررسی شد که </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">همبستگی آن متوسط تا بالا و </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در دامنه 47/0 تا 74/0 بود. </span></span></span><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نتیجه‌گیری:</span></span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> پرسشنامه همدلی، ابزاری روا و پایا است و می‌توان از آن برای ارزیابی </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">همدلی</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> کودکان شنوا و ناشنوای پیش‌دبستانی در کشور ایران استفاده کرد.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Objective:</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> The aim of the present research was to investigate the psychometric properties of Empathy Questionnaire (EmQue) for hearing and deaf pre-school children. <b>Methods:</b> This study was a descriptive research and psychometric type. Translation and back-translation were used to prepare the Persian version of EmQue. The statistical population of the study was educators of hearing and deaf pre-school children in Tehran City in the academic year of 2020-2021. The sample consisted of two groups of 270 educators of pre-school children (160 and 110 educators of hearing and deaf children in each group, respectively), who were selected through simple random sampling method. The viewpoints of eight experts were obtained to evaluate the questionnaire&rsquo;s face and content validity. The Lawashe method and the Waltz & Bausell method were used to calculate the content validity index. Construct validity was analyzed using factor analysis. The reliability of scale was calculated using Cronbach&rsquo;s alpha and test-retest. </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">Results</span></span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">:</span></span></span></span></b> <span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">The EmQue was translated into 19 items and three subscales with a set of three answer choices for each item. Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis, three factors were extracted. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">three</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-factor model had a good fitness</span></span></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> و</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">and</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">confirmed its construct validity. Content validity index was 0/94, 0/96, 0/93 and 0/94 for the EmQue and each of the subscales of emotion contagion, attention to others&rsquo; feelings, and prosocial actions, respectively. The reliability of EmQue and each of its subscales using Cronbach&rsquo;s alpha was 0/93, 0/94, 0/90 and 0/92, respectively. Also the reliability calculated by test-retest method for the above parameters was 0/92, 0/91, 0/88 and 0/89, respectively. </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Review of</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> the </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">convergent and divergent validity </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">results </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">for the </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">EmQue</span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> through its simultaneous implementation with the </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scale (SEARS) </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)showed that the</span></span></span> <span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">correlation was moderate-to-strong and ranged from 0.47 to 0.74.</span></span></span> <b><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conclusion:</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:80%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> The EmQue is a valid and reliable tool, which can be used for assessing the empathy of hearing and deaf pre-school children in Iran.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> کودکان پیش‌دبستانی, کودکان ناشنوا, ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی, همدلی Deaf children, Empathy, Pre-school children, Psychometric properties 33 50 http://joec.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-156-4&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Mohammad Ashori محمد عاشوری m.ashori@edu.ui.ac.ir 100319475328460016087 100319475328460016087 Yes University of Isfahan دانشگاه اصفهان Ali Aghaziarati علی آقازیارتی Ali_ziatati99@yahoo.com 100319475328460016088 100319475328460016088 No University of Isfahan دانشگاه اصفهان